Medical FAQ

Do you suffer from an overactive bladder? If so, your doctor may prescribe you Myrbetriq to help your symptoms so that you can do more things that you want to do.

But you may soon wonder, "why is Myrbetriq so expensive?" Unfortunately, there's no easy answer, and the reasons can be extremely frustrating.

Read on to learn more.

Patent Laws

One of the main reasons why Myrbetriq is so expensive is due to drug patents in the United States. Once a new drug comes out, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will grant patent protection.

This applies to all brand name drugs, so pharmaceutical companies have time to sell the drug without competition. That helps them make back the money they spent on research, but it can affect patients.

When it comes to Myrbetriq specifically, the drug still has patent protection. It will have patent protection for quite a few more years, so the drug won't have any competition from Myrbetriq generic competitors.

Because of that, patients can expect to pay more for the medication for the time being.

Long Approval Process

Even when the drug patents expire, you may still ask, "why is Myrbetriq so expensive?" Once the patent expires, it can take the FDA a while to approve the first generic version.

That gives the drug company even more time to charge as much as it wants for the medication. So don't get too excited at the idea of the patent expiring.

Any generic drug will have to go through the same approval process as Myrbetriq. And if any problems occur, that can lengthen the time it takes to approve generics.

Just because a patent ends doesn't mean the price of Myrbetriq will drop significantly.

No Price Regulation

Once the patent for Myrbetriq 50 mg and other dosages ends, the price probably won't go down too much. The United States doesn't do a ton to regulate drug prices, so manufacturers have complete control.

This applies to both the brand Mybetriq and any generics that will eventually gain approval. If those drug manufacturers want to charge a lot for the medication, they will be able to in the United States.

Patients without sufficient insurance coverage will need to pay a lot. Yes, you may be able to find a Myrbetriq coupon, and that can reduce the price a bit.

However, the drug itself will continue to be expensive for those without access to a coupon.

Administrative Costs

Some drug companies may feel like they have to charge a lot for medications to keep up with an increase in administrative work. The companies have to pay administrative employees.

As administrative costs increase, drug companies won't want that to cut into their profits. That means charging high prices will be the most efficient way to maintain profits.

Pharmacies and other providers may also have administrative costs. All of that can add up and affect the cost that the patient will need to pay to receive the drug.

Unfortunately, administrative costs can be hard to avoid. And companies may not want to let go of essential employees just to save money for patients.

Supply Chain

The whole supply chain is partly to blame for the question, "why is Myrbetriq so expensive?" Other parts of the supply chain can have an impact on how much a drug like Myrbetriq costs.

Some companies work with a pharmacy benefit manager to help negotiate prices and help companies and pharmacies communicate. But like any addition to the supply chain, the pharmacy benefit manager needs to make money.

So while they may keep the drug from getting to be super expensive, they may not help that much. Companies may pass that cost on to the consumer with a higher drug price.

If you receive health insurance through an employer, that may also affect the cost. Your employer may choose which drugs to cover and what benefits to offer, which may increase the cost of your prescriptions.

Insurance Issues

Speaking of health insurance, your health insurance plan may not cover a ton of things. Whether you receive coverage through an employer or your own plan, you have to consider what benefits the plan offers.

If your plan doesn't cover Myrbetriq, you can expect to pay more for the medication. You may also need to pay more if you have a separate prescription drug deductible or if there are other coverage issues.

Then there's the fact that there are quite a few insurance companies in the United States. No single insurance company has enough power to negotiate drug prices.

However, other companies have fewer insurance companies, so insurance companies have more power. If one insurance provider in Europe stopped covering Myrbetriq, that would affect profits, but that's not the case in the US.

A Patient's Need

Taking Myrbetriq may not mean the difference between life or death, but the medication can affect your quality of life. Since it helps treat an overactive bladder, the drug may help you live more of your life.

You won't have to take as many trips to the bathroom each day. That can give you the freedom to do what you want without feeling like you need to be near a restroom.

Drug companies understand this, so they know that patients will be more willing to pay more for a drug that gives them more control over their lives. Most likely, you and others will pay up to have a better quality of life.

As sad as that can be, the drug companies want to make money. So why would they charge $100 when they know they could get away with $200 and still sell as many prescriptions?

So, Why Is Myrbetriq So Expensive?

Whether you received a new prescription or have taken it for months, you may wonder, "why is Myrbetriq so expensive?" For better or worse, a lot of factors go into the cost of the drug.

From drug patents to knowing patients need the drug, companies have more control over the cost. And that can hurt patients in the long run.

Do you want to save money on Myrbetriq? Order your medication online today.

Works Cited

• FDA: Frequently Asked Questions on Patents and Exclusivity
• PricePro Pharmacy: Myrbetriq
• PricePro Pharmacy: Complete Guide to Out-of-Pocket Costs on Prescriptions
• NCBI: Overactive bladder significantly affects quality of life
• PricePro Pharmacy: How to Order Your Prescription Drugs Online from Canada

If history has taught us anything, it’s that our pets are truly some of the best friends we could ever have.

The role of domesticated pets doesn't look much different than it did centuries ago. In many ancient cultures, dogs were regarded as trusty companions. Loyal, protective, and ready to follow their owner's cues. Today, we regard them in the same light, but we have the ability to spoil them a little more than in medieval times.

Our furry friends teach us how to love unconditionally, and in that great act, we find some of the purest and most gentle exchanges of compassion. Pet health insurance is ideal in an emergency situation. We never want to picture the worst-case scenario when it comes to our pets.

But having a little education about insurance support can go a long way. If you’re searching for the best pet health insurance, look no further. We’re here to break down the pros and cons of pet health insurance costs.

Types of Pet Health Insurance

Humans get to choose from an endless list of health insurance coverages and policies. And while there are fewer options for our furry friends, there are a few core policies that are common among pet parents.

Lifetime pet insurance is the most comprehensive level of coverage for your pet, from illness to injury and through the aging process. With lifetime pet insurance, you can worry far less about treatment as your pet grows and ages.

Accident-only pet insurance is another option, but be aware that a financial cap on payouts may exist. It is often the most frugal type of pet insurance policy, providing a fixed amount for any new injury. 

An important piece of the puzzle to keep in mind is how difficult it is to switch insurance companies once your pet has been diagnosed with a pre-existing condition. Many policies exclude pets with certain diagnoses or those who are considered untreatable. It’s important to review your policy thoroughly, especially for your pet has a pre-existing condition.

Maximum benefit pet health insurance offers a predetermined amount to budget on each element or illness. There is no expiration date, and if your pet is navigating a long-term diagnosis, you can continue to file claims as much as you need to until the max benefit is reached. 

There is no limit to the types of pet health insurance available. From holistic care to senior care, there are options available for a wide range of needs.

The Pros 

With pet health insurance, you get to choose your pet's health care provider. That means you can take the time you need to find a veterinarian who aligns with your core values. Unlike human insurance, you submit your veterinarian bill to your pet health insurance company to be reimbursed for expenses that are covered.

Pet health insurance doesn’t exclude any breed or age of the pet. The sooner you purchase pet health insurance, the lower your premiums will be. That doesn’t mean that you can’t insure your pet in the years to come, but your premiums may look a little different.

Just like any type of insurance that we have, having pet health insurance can help you sleep a little better at night. It’s the type of peace of mind that doesn’t come with a price tag. You get to choose what treatments are suitable for your pet, alleviating the strain of paying out of pocket and making sacrifices that hurt in either direction.

Many pet health insurance policies reimburse up to 80% of costs after the deductible. This creates an easy way to budget what your pet care costs look like throughout the year. Pet health insurance policies have a lot of flexibility in that they can still be paid in the payment plan that best suits your financial situation.

When you have pet health insurance, you can avoid dipping into your savings in a terrifying situation. If your pet needs life-saving surgery that’s going to cost $5,000, getting the care that they need is paramount.

Making these decisions before you're in a tough situation means setting you and your pets up for success. 

The Cons 

Many people cannot afford to pay high premiums, so the reality of living and hoping that they'll never have to choose between saving their pet's life and groceries is heartbreaking, to say the least.

Of course, like with anything, there are some drawbacks to starting a pet health insurance policy. For one thing, not every routine visit and exam is covered in your policy. So on top of the pet insurance premium, you’re paying, you may also need to pay for visits and other concerns separately.

Having additional out-of-pocket costs is a big deterrent for many people when it comes to purchasing a policy for their pet. Some policies only cover percentages of claims that are eligible. So just like with human insurance, if you don’t have proper savings to supplement an emergency trip to the vet, you may be in trouble.

Pet health insurance is also not an option for pets who have pre-existing conditions. Just like many other insurances, it operates on a reimbursement program. So you might be responsible for paying the full cost upfront while you wait for your veterinarian to submit the bill. 

The other piece is that some pet health insurance policies come with benefits and wellness add-ons that you may not even utilize. In this life as a pet parent, it’s important to underutilize a policy than to need it when you don’t have it. 

Preventative Care

Preventative healthcare can burn a hole in your pocket, but it’s better than your pants bursting into flames.

Getting ahead of prevention means working smarter, not harder. For the amount of money that you spend on car insurance, home insurance, and your valuables like your laptop or your cell phone, coughing up some extra cash to keep your fur baby safe feels like a no-brainer.

ASPCA pet health insurance reflects that pet parents have annual expenses that never change. Most pet parents spend around $350 to $650 annually on food. Of course, this estimation doesn't include toys, medications, miscellaneous costs, and trips to the veterinarian. 

We are living in a time period where we've learned to do everything in our power to protect ourselves from death and illness. We have medications that prolong our lifespan and insurance that covers the hard parts.

We take out insurance policies on anything we consider to be valuable in our lives. From our homes to our livelihood, insurance exists to help offset the cost of illness or extreme circumstances. When it comes to our pets, everything is on the table. 

When you get into your car, you put your seatbelt on because you are all too aware of motor vehicle fatalities and accidents. Having a pet health insurance policy is your family's proverbial seatbelt. Is there a chance that your seatbelt won’t cover you completely in the case of an accident? Yes.

Is it still important to wear it to prevent further injury by any means necessary? You can bet your bottom dollar on that. Preventatives come in all different shapes, colors, and sizes.

To determine which ones can best serve your pet, make a list of their needs and see what you need to incorporate.

Supplements 

Prevention is a practice we utilize in every area of our lives. And just like in humans, avoiding illness is your first line of defense. Knowing what exposures create risks can save you an arm and a leg (literally).

Humans have some staple supplements that are common due to inactivity, minimal exposure to the outside, and other natural, environmental causes. Some humans have deficiencies due to genetics or accidents. No matter the issue, there's a resource somewhere that can help get your pet on track.

There are plenty of supplements that promote preventative care throughout your pet's lifetime. Pet health insurance for dogs (and cats), and heartworm disease prevention are crucial parts of your pet enjoying a life well-lived. Veterinarians will often prescribe heartworm, flea, and tick combination medication.

Not only is it easier to administer, but there’s less room for human error. Along with supplements, make sure your pets get to their annual or semi-annual check-up as an integral part of their health and longevity. This allows your veterinarian to keep track of their progress.

Let’s say you find a puppy on the street. Getting that puppy to its first series of appointments for vaccinations is a huge part of its early growth. You can also support your pet's health by checking for ticks, brushing their teeth, and making sure they have a healthy diet at home.

Your veterinarian may send you home with a prescription that you can get filled through a trusted pharmacy.

Diet and Nutrition

In every scenario, the cost of pet health prevention, in the long run, is far more affordable than treating a terminal illness or broken bones. If an illness becomes too advanced without your knowledge, you’re looking at thousands of dollars in medical bills. Plus, we want to take the best care possible of our furry companions.

Proper diet and nutrition can account for an enormous part of a healthy life for our pets, just like our own bodies. Working with your veterinarian to determine what foods are best for your pets can help you narrow down what types of vitamins and nutritional value your pet should be receiving.

Spending a little money on a quality food product not only supports your pet's health but can also save you trouble down the road. Our microbiome is very different than your pets'. Animals have an incredible resilience to bacteria and other environmental factors.

That said, promoting a healthy gut and ensuring your pet is receiving necessary support through their food is paramount. 

Exercise

A healthy mind and body can aid in the aging process of your pet.

If you’re a dog owner, you understand how important exercises are for your furry baby. Exercise supports internal regulation. Just like in humans, it can help feelings and stressors like anxiety and sadness. Lack of proper exercise and mental stimulation can encourage negative attention-seeking and similar behaviors.

Keeping your pets' minds sharp to help them through the aging process is something that your furry comrades deserve. Proper exercise and play also strengthen your bond with your pet. Our pets have a basic need of love and belonging, just like us, and those spaces are fulfilled when they get to spend time with their family members.

Exercise and mental stimulation can contribute to a healthy weight, a balanced appetite, and a hungry brain. Pet joints and muscles struggle with the aging process just like we do.

Ensuring that those joints stay happy and lubricated will make the later golden years a much more enjoyable process for all parties, while preventing breakage from brittle bones or poor gait. 

Best Pet Health Insurance 

The truth is that the best pet health insurance will do for your family what it does for many. When the unthinkable becomes a reality, you have options. 

We know how impossible it can be to make this decision if you're in a financially binding situation. When you take this route to protect your furry family members, you invest in the longevity of your most trusted companion.

If you have questions or concerns about what starting a policy looks like, connect with our website to learn more.

Works Cited

World History Encyclopedia
“The Long History of Dogs in Honour of International Dog Day”

US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health
"The Impact of Pet Health Insurance on Dog Owners’ Spending for Veterinary Services"

American Veterinary Medical Association
"Preventive Pet Healthcare"

CNBC
"Most Americans own a pet, but not the insurance 1 in 3 faithful companions will need"

Did you know that about 30 million men¹ in the United States alone suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED)? Over time, ED can take a serious toll on one's quality of life because of the inability to maintain a healthy and fulfilling sex life. So, why does erectile dysfunction happen and how is it treated?

If you're asking yourself these questions, you've clicked on the right article. Here, we'll be exploring why erectile dysfunction might happen, how it happens, and how to treat it. We will specifically be going over three of the most common medications for erectile dysfunction: Cialis, Viagra, and Levitra. 

If you suffer from erectile dysfunction, by the end of this article you'll be able to better understand your body and how to treat ED. Let's begin by explaining what exactly erectile dysfunction is. 

What Is Erectile Dysfunction?

Erectile dysfunction, sometimes known as impotence, is the inability to attain or maintain an erection², making sexual intercourse difficult or impossible. It is common for men of different age groups to have trouble achieving an erection at some point in their lives. Usually, it is temporary and is not a problem that impacts one's sex life.

However, ED is much more common in older men. In older men, ED can be more of an ongoing problem and can impact their sex lives in a negative way. ED is also not just linked to sexual dissatisfaction.

In fact, ED associates with lower self-esteem, lower confidence, and increased stress. More than that, even though ED is often associated with older men, it is not considered a normal part of aging. Because of this, ED may link to underlying medical conditions in need of treatment. 

Many men may feel embarrassed to talk to their doctor about erectile dysfunction. However, it is important to talk about this problem in order to rule out serious health conditions that might cause ED and other issues. Also, a doctor will be the one to help you find the best treatment for ED. 

The Anatomy of a Normal Erection

An erection can only occur when blood flow increases to the spongy muscle tissues that compose the penis. The two muscles that make up the penis are the corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum. These muscles not only increase in size when engorged with blood but are also able to trap the blood to maintain an erection. 

Blood is only able to enter the muscle tissue in the penis when the muscles relax. Relaxation of these involuntary muscles occurs when nerves signal the release of nitric oxide (NO). Without NO, it becomes difficult for the spongy muscles to relax and fill with blood. 

After sexual intercourse, the erectile muscles of the penis no longer receive increased blood flow. Instead, these muscles suddenly contract and expel the blood back into the body's circulation. When this occurs, the penis is no longer firm but rather flaccid. 

Many medications that treat ED allow for improved delivery of NO to the erectile tissues. This allows the erectile muscles to properly relax and receive an increased supply of blood. 

But what causes erectile dysfunction in the first place? There are two primary causes of ED: psychological causes and physiological causes.

Psychological Causes of Erectile Dysfunction

Up until the 1960s, people believed that erectile dysfunction was caused by psychological issues. However, studies have found that the majority of ED causes are physical. This does not mean that some cases of ED do not have psychological causes.

In fact, there is a variety of psychological problems that can inhibit the attainment and maintenance of an erection. These problems can prevent feelings of sexual excitement which help to trigger increased blood flow to the corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum muscles. 

The most common psychological causes of erectile dysfunction are depression, anxiety³, and low self-esteem. Other psychological causes may be work-related stress or arguments with one's romantic partner. 

For men already suffering from these psychological problems, they can often worsen when they cause erectile dysfunction. Psychological causes of ED are more often found in younger men, usually aged in their 30s or possibly younger who are otherwise healthy.

For this type of ED, medications such as Viagra may be beneficial. However, because the underlying cause is not physiological, other treatment options may be sought. Cognitive-behavioral therapy may be the better option in this case.

Cognitive behavior therapy can help to avoid maladaptive and unhealthy thought patterns. These patterns include depressive and anxious thinking as well as negative self-talk, all of which can contribute to erectile dysfunction. 

Other methods of treating psychological erectile dysfunction include meditation and rhythmic breathing. Since this type of ED is not caused by physiological problems, it can usually be fully treated with proper psychological help. 

Physiological Causes of Erectile Dysfunction

Most cases of erectile dysfunction occur in older men who tend to have more health problems than younger men. In fact, the risk of men experiencing erectile dysfunction increases significantly with each year they age. For example, 40% of men† at age 40 will experience ED and 70% of men at age 70 will experience it. 

One of the reasons why ED is so common in older men may be because of decreased sexual desire associated with age. However, there are a variety of physical problems that may cause ED. 

Since the penis can only become erect when it receives increased blood flow, one of the most common causes of ED is the inability of the body to allow this blood flow. Poor blood flow links with conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, heart disease, and smoking. 

Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of blood vessels by plaque. This prevents healthy blood flow and also commonly results in heart attacks and strokes. With any kind of heart disease, the heart is unable to pump blood properly through the body. Smoking, although not a disease, constricts blood vessels because of the nicotine content in cigarettes. 

If blood flow is not the problem, there are several other possible causes of ED. For example, the erectile muscles of the penis may be able to become engorged with blood but may not be able to trap the blood. The inability to trap blood in the penis will result in failure to maintain an erection. 

ED can also originate from nerve problems. There are many conditions that may damage nerves. These include diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and others. 

ED may simply result from an unhealthy lifestyle. This includes excessive alcohol consumption, poor sleep, poor diet, and obesity. 

How to Treat Erectile Dysfunction

Depending on the erectile dysfunction causes, ED may be treated in different ways. Improving overall physical health is often the first choice for doctors. This includes losing weight and managing diabetes or heart disease. 

Regular daily exercise can help improve blood flow throughout the body. This exercise can be as simple as taking a walk down the street. Improving diet and limiting tobacco and alcohol consumption will also be beneficial. 

If all of these health concerns have already been addressed and you still suffer from ED, there are more treatment options available. One of the most common treatment options is medication. This medication usually comes in the form of erectile dysfunction pills such as Cialis, Viagra, and Levitra.

From here, we'll discuss each of these three ED medications, how they work, and how they differ. Not every pill works on every case of ED which is why it is important to be familiar with different treatment options. 

Cialis

Cialis, also known as tadalafil‡, works by increasing the blood flow to the erectile tissues of the penis. It does this by relaxing the muscles and allowing them to receive blood. A unique benefit of this medication is that it also can treat an enlarged prostate which is another problem older men commonly experience. 

Since Cialis treats prostate enlargement, it can relieve symptoms of frequent urination or difficulty urinating. Cialis is a pill taken by mouth with or without food once per day. Before sexual intercourse, take Cialis 30 minutes beforehand. 

However, if Cialis is taken every day, you may engage in sexual activity regardless of the time the pill was taken. The effects of Cialis can work up to 36 hours after the first dose. 

There are some downsides to Cialis. Those who have had a heart attack or stroke within recent months should not take Cialis. You should also not take nitrates along with Cialis. There are also several side effects with this medication. 

These side effects include stomach problems, lightheadedness, flushing, and muscle pain. These side effects are not common, however, those over the age of 65 are more likely to experience side effects. 

In very rare cases, an allergic reaction may occur. This reaction may include rashes, swelling of the throat and face, and difficulty breathing. 

In rare cases, Cialis may cause painful or long-lasting erections. If an erection lasts more than 4 hours, it is important to seek medical help.

Viagra

Viagra, also known as sildenafil±, also works by increasing blood flow to the penis. Similar to Cialis, Viagra should be taken no more than once a day. It should be taken around 30 minutes before engaging in any sexual activity. 

Unlike Cialis, Viagra should not be taken with food, especially not high-fat foods. This may delay Viagra's effects. Your doctor will prescribe an accurate dosage of this medication depending on the severity of your ED. 

The majority of people that take Viagra do not experience serious side effects. There are, however, a variety of side effects that Viagra may cause. These include headaches, dizziness, stomach problems, and blurred vision. 

As with Cialis, Viagra should not be taken with nitrates. This is because when taking these medications together, they may cause a dangerous decrease in blood pressure. Unlike Cialis, Viagra tends to work for less than 36 hours. 

It is important to alert your doctor if you have recently had heart problems such as a heart attack or stroke before taking Viagra. This will allow the doctor to determine if Viagra is the right medication for you. 

An allergic reaction to Viagra is rare but serious and should be treated at a hospital. Any erection lasting longer than 4 hours is also considered a medical emergency. This is because painful, long-lasting erections can cause permanent damage to the penis. 

Levitra 

Levitra, also known as vardenafil°, works by increasing blood flow to the erectile tissues of the penis. It is a pill meant to be taken by mouth and can be taken with or without food. It dissolves on the tongue and may work faster if taken without food. 

Levitra takes longer to work compared to Viagra or Cialis. It should be taken an hour before engaging in sexual activity. It should not be taken more than once a day. 

A unique drawback with this medication is that it should not be consumed with grapefruit juice. This is because grapefruit can increase the risk of side effects. 

Side effects include lightheadedness, headache, and vision changes. Serious vision problems are more likely to occur if you have high cholesterol or heart disease. Most people do not experience side effects, however, they are more likely in those above the age of 50.

As with the other medications, Levitra should not be taken with nitrates. Allergic reactions are rare. 

Treating Erectile Dysfunction

You are now familiar with why and how erectile dysfunction happens and how to treat it. If you suffer from erectile dysfunction and feel that it is interfering with your quality of life, you can take the steps to treat your condition. 

For more about medications for erectile dysfunction and more, learn how to order here∗.

Works Cited:

¹(2017). "Definition and Facts For Erectile Dysfunction." National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 

²Mayo Clinic Staff. (2021). "Erectile Dysfunction." Mayo Clinic.

³Davis, C.P. (2021). "Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Causes and Treatment." OnHealth.

†Lakin, M. & Wood, H. (2018). "Erectile Dysfunction." Cleveland Clinic. 

‡Sheehy, C. (2020). "Cialis (Tadalafil)." PriceproPharmacy. 

±Sheehy, C. (2021). "Viagra (Sildenafil)." PriceproPharmacy. 

°Sheehy, C. (2021). "Levitra (Vardenafil)." PriceproPharmacy. 

∗"How To Order Your Prescription Drugs Online from Canada." PriceproPharmacy. 

Would you get the vaccine? Not the flu vaccine, but THE vaccine? As in the coronavirus vaccine?

Right now, all eyes are on a coronavirus vaccine more than any other medical development.

It seems to be the elusive golden ticket with the potential save millions of lives. It could help lift the world out of quarantine and get society moving again. And, in the grand scheme of things, it's progressing at ludicrous speed.

Biotech companies have compressed vaccine trials to meet historically tight deadlines. But will a coronavirus vaccine be safe? Here's where we're potentially at with the COVID vaccine.

The COVID Vaccine in Perspective

The COVID-19 vaccine will be the fastest ever produced, and by a significant margin. Not since the mumps vaccine in the 1960s has a vaccine ever proceeded this quickly.

The mumps vaccine took four years to develop, from research to approval. If scientists meet the deadline shared by both the C.D.C. and the WHO (January 2021), the COVID-19 vaccine will have taken a total of one year to produce. 

The process to approve a vaccine is similar to approving prescription drugs, according to FDA standards. The typical vaccine development process goes through six significant steps,

1) Preclinical Testing

After studying the virus, scientists test a preliminary vaccine on animals to see if it can invoke an immune response.

2) Phase 1 Safety Trials

Researchers test the vaccine on a small number of people. The test is for safety, as well as to determine the appropriate dosage and observe for an immune response.

3) Phase 2 Expanded Trials

The vaccine is then given to hundreds of people by different classifications - like age, for example. The test is for safety as well as an immune response.

4) Phase 3 Efficacy Trials

Researchers vaccinate thousands of people to observe who becomes infected. At this stage, depending on the disease, researchers may then expose the participants to the virus. 

According to F.D.A. approval standards, at least 50% of trial participants exposed must display immunity for the vaccine to be considered adequate. Another advantage of Phase 3 trials is that they can show any potential side effects that previous tests could not.

5) Early/Limited Approval

The vaccine is made available to a limited number of people before widespread use.

6) Approval

The vaccine is now awaiting approval, and each country can decide whether or not to accept and begin to distribute the vaccine. Once widely distributed, researchers continue to monitor the vaccine for its efficacy and any side effects unseen in previous trials.

For decades, this process has been the standard for vaccine approval, and the coronavirus vaccine has taken a similar path. 

Accelerating the Process

But what has made the coronavirus vaccine such an accelerated process? One way researchers can speed up development is by combining the trial phases. 

For example, many drug companies will combine the first and second phase trials. Instead of testing on just a few trial participants first, an initial test may involve hundreds. 

But that's not the only process that gets compressed, especially under the current global pressure. Researchers, government agencies, and drug companies have hastened every step in a process that usually takes a decade or more.

But we are far from normal times. From its January inception, the vaccine trials have excelled at such a pace that the first safety trials took place in March of this year.

The fact that a vaccine may be available within a year is truly remarkable. For some eye-opening perspective, check out this New York Times Coronavirus Timeline to see just how long it would take under typical circumstances. 

How Will a COVID Vaccine Work?

You may understand the basics of how a vaccine works. The body is introduced to a version of the virus so that it can develop antibodies. The antibodies help the body develop an acquired immunity so it can recognize and fight off the actual virus.

Since their initial mapping and studying of the coronavirus genome, researchers have developed different approaches for an effective vaccine. 

One approach is to use an adenovirus, a virus common to many types of infections, including the common cold. Scientists genetically alter the adenovirus, inserting a snippet of the Sars CoV-2 protein. 

Since a piece of the genome is not the full coronavirus, the body has just enough information to recognize it, but not enough to get sick.

Another method is to develop a vaccine that delivers the messenger R.N.A. of the COVID virus into the body. The messenger R.N.A., or mRNA, acts as the "instructions" for replicating the virus.

Since this coronavirus is an R.N.A. virus, the mRNA method may be an effective way for the body to learn about the virus and develop the right antibodies to fight it.

Additionally, there are a few different ways to administer the vaccine as well. Some COVID vaccines will require multiple shots; some require just one.

Who Are the Major Players?

As one might imagine, the race to get a vaccine approved has been nothing short of monumental. With the government forking over millions, along with the historical notoriety that would come from being the first to market, there has been no shortage of incentive.

The U.S. government is pushing for 300 million vaccine doses, and the World Health Organization 2 billion, by 2021. Drug companies have, in total, around 200 vaccines in the works, and there are a few who are close to the January 2021 goal. 

Here are the key players and where they're at so far:

AstraZeneca

Partnering with scientists from the University of Oxford, the drug company AstraZeneca is one of the frontrunners in the vaccine race.

Inserting snippets of the Sars CoV-2 protein spikes, the vaccine delivers the COVID information via an adenovirus, which the body is familiar with. Scientists genetically alter the adenovirus vector so that it won't reproduce. The body will then have enough information to recognize the coronavirus but not get infected.

This team is further along than most. Phase 3 trials are underway in South Africa and Brazil, and results from the combined Phase 1 and 2 trials have proven promising.

In over 95% of participants, there is evidence of a four-fold increase in antibodies, with two doses producing the most robust results. The participants continued to display an immune response as far as a month after the vaccination.

Moderna

Moderna's mRNA approach reached Phase 3 human trials earlier in the summer. The final test will include 30,000 people across 80+ locations around the United States. 

Working in partnership with the National Institutes of Health, the drug company has received billions from the federal government for its vaccine development. They are currently awaiting infection numbers from their first full-scale trial.

BioNTech in Collaboration with Pfizer and Fosun Pharma 

This collaboration currently has vaccines in Phase 1, Phase 2, and the combined phases of development. In May, they launched two versions of an mRNA vaccine that required two doses.

While both versions produced antibodies, one version produced fewer side effects. This version, known as BNT162b2, has been used in a worldwide, 30,000-person trial that includes Argentina, Brazil, and Germany, as well as the U.S.

This collaborative boasts sizable initial orders from nations. The United States awarded a contract worth $2 billion for 100 million doses, with the option to purchase 500 million more.

Japan and the European Union have made arrangements to acquire vaccine doses as well. Japan is set to reach 120 million, and the E.U. will purchase 200 million doses.

Johnson & Johnson

Johnson & Johnson, though it's pharmaceutical arm Janssen, has recently launched a phase 3 trial of its version of a vaccine, which is a modified adenovirus. The test will consist of 60,000 adults from age 18 to over 60 years and include populations across seven countries.

Sinovac Biotech

Sinovac's CoronoVac vaccine uses an inactivated form of the virus. It has reportedly produced no side effects during its successful phase 2 trial in the Spring.

A reported 90% of participants showed antibodies after 14 days. The phase 3 trial will be in collaboration with Brazil's Instituto Butantan.

SinoPharm

SinoPharm began its phase 3 trial in the United Arab Emirates in July. Researchers will study 15,000 volunteers, aged 18-60 for 3-6 months. 

The phase 1/phase 2 study of over 1,000 adults showed strong antibody results in almost 100% of the population.

Other Contenders

There are 11 vaccines in Phase 3 of testing, and five are already approved for early use. An additional 14 vaccines are already in Phase 2, and 27 in Phase 1. 2021-2023 should yield a mountain of vaccination options.

Some of the other drug companies that are in early to mid-phase testing include:

• Zydus (phase 2)

• CureVac (phase 2)

• AnGes, a Japanese biotech company (combined phases 1 and 2)

• Imperial College London (combined phases 1 and 2)

• Arcturus Therapeutics, in collaboration with Duke-NUS Medical School (combined phases 1 and 2)

• Chineses researchers Walvax Biotechnology, in collaboration with the Academy of Military Medical Sciences and Suzhou Abogen Bioscience (phase 1)

• Genexine, a Korean biotech company (phase 1)

• Inovio, an American biotech company (phase 1)

• Sanofi, a French pharmaceutical company (preclinical)

On top of this sizable list, there are at least a dozen other genetic vaccines in the preclinical stages of development. 

By all accounts, a vaccine will be here at some point in 2021. Once a vaccine is available, you will want to know where you can get it.

Once the vaccine becomes available, there will be no shortage of information on where to access it. Most likely your local hospital or doctor's offices will have the vaccine ready for you.

When it comes to medication, PricePro Pharmacy will be there to provide you with the best prescription drug prices around. We pride ourselves in pricing drugs affordably so that you can access the meds you need.

A race toward a vaccine might leave some thinking, "is it safe?" Drugs are approved all the time, which later turn out to be harmful. Will the vaccine rush mean that safety measures get curtailed, leaving people like you to serve as guinea pigs?

Will It Be Safe?

The safety question is a valid one. Most of the concern with safety has to do with the speed of development and how little researchers still know about the disease.

In the trials underway so far, patients have shown side effects, sometimes moderate and, at times, more severe. The side effects have included:

• Fever/chills

• Fatigue

• Muscle/joint pain

• Diarrhea

• Headaches

Safety does seem to be of concern. With the colossal liability looming over trials, the drug companies seem to be taking some reservations.

As recently as September, AstraZeneca put its testing on hold after a participant experienced a severe, unexplained illness.

Once approved, a coronavirus vaccine may turn out to be as safe as any other common vaccine, such as the flu vaccine people get every year. Unforeseen circumstances may prove that the vaccine needed more time.

The jury is still out. Most likely, many people are going to wait to see how safe the vaccine is.

Many options will likely become available. Certain types of vaccines may turn out to be more appropriate for specific populations.

The most vulnerable populations, like the chronically ill and elderly, might be first in line to receive a COVID vaccine. But they may also be the most susceptible to its side-effects.

If you have questions regarding the COVID vaccine, your doctor should be your COVID-19 update source. Your healthcare provider can get help you decide which type of COVID vaccine will be the best for you.

When it comes to getting the best drug prices, Pricepro Pharmacy can save you the most money on your meds. It's what we do, and our services are unmatched. Read reviews of our services and see for yourself.

Source Your Meds Wisely

From the safety of a COVID vaccine to its yet-to-be-known price, there's a lot of uncertainty around its release. Access will undoubtedly prove to be an issue, so keep up to date, especially come the new year.

Getting your medications from a reputable online company can save you a ton of money, and help you live more affordably. If you're not going through us, you're probably paying too much.

Contact us today to see how we can help save you money on your prescription meds.

Works Cited

External Links

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html

https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-takes-action-help-facilitate-timely-development-safe-effective-covid

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/30/opinion/coronavirus-covid-vaccine.html

https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/rounds/top-5-covid-19-vaccine-candidates-explained

https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200610/covid-19-latest-updates

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/us/politics/pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine.html

https://medshadow.org/significant-side-effects-seen-in-early-trial-of-covid-19-vaccine/

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